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@keyframes opening-in{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(10px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}.intro,.opening .graph-figure,.approach-controls{animation:opening-in .65s ease both}.opening .graph-figure{animation-delay:.08s}.approach-controls{animation-delay:.12s}
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